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(Redirected from Trans-Alaska Pipeline)

Map of the pipeline, including the never-built pump station 11

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), usually called the Alyeska Pipeline in Alaska or the Alaska Pipeline elsewhere, is a major U.S. oil pipeline connecting oil fields in Alaska's North Slope to a North Pacific seaport where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining.
The main Trans-Alaska Pipeline runs north to south, almost 800 miles (1,300 km), from the Arctic Ocean at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska at Valdez, Alaska, passing near several Alaskan villages and towns, including Wiseman (pop. 21), Bettles (pop.39), Livengood (pop.29), Fox (pop.300), Fairbanks (pop. 34,540), and Glennallen (pop.554) [see map].
Construction of the pipeline through the sparsely-populated region presented significant challenges to in the terrain and the harsh environment along the route. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were three mountain ranges, active fault lines, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, hundreds of streams and rivers, and migration paths of caribou and moose. Deer and elk are also affected by the construction. Geological activity has damaged the pipeline on several occasions.[citation needed]
Since its completion in 1977, the pipeline has transported over 15 billion barrels (2.4 TL) of oil.
Contents
1 Construction
2 Technical details
3 Maintenance
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
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Construction
Oil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska in 1968, after explorers had been searching all over Northern Alaska since the 1950s. In 1969, Humble Oil and Refining Company sent a specially fitted oil tanker, the SS Manhattan, to test the feasibility of transporting oil via ice breaking tankers to market. The SS Manhattan, fitted with a massive ice breaking bow, powerful engines, and hardened propellers successfully transited the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Beaufort Sea. The ship, its cargo holds filled with salt water, suffered some damage to several of its cargo holds. Wind blown ice forced the Manhattan to change its intended route through the McLure Strait to the smaller Prince of Wales Strait. Although the Manhattan had successfully transited between the Beaufort Sea and the Atlantic Ocean the concept was considered too risky. A pipeline was considered to be the only viable system for transporting the oil to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) away at Valdez.
The oil companies with exploration rights grouped together as the Alyeska consortium to create a company, the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, to design, build, and then operate the pipeline. US President Richard Nixon signed the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law on 16 November 1973, which authorized the construction of the pipeline.

The pipeline crossing the Tanana River
The single 48 inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline was built between 27 March 1975 to 31 May 1977 at a cost of around US$8 billion. The pipeline was constructed in six sections by five different contractors employing 21,000 people at the peak of work; 31 workers died in construction accidents.
The 800 mile (1,286 km) route presented special challenges. As well as the harsh environment, the need to cross three mountain ranges and many rivers and streams, the permafrost of Alaska meant that more than half of the pipeline's length had to be elevated rather than buried as normal to prevent the ground melting and shifting. There were five years of surveying and geological sampling before construction began. During construction archaeological teams were repeatedly called in to investigate previously unknown sites which were disturbed by excavation.
Technical details

A caribou walks next to a section of the pipeline north of the Brooks Range. Opponents of the pipeline asserted the presence of the pipeline would interfere with the caribou; the animals often gather under the pipe, apparently to absorb radiant heat.
Along the pipeline there are eleven pump stations, each with four pumps. Each electric pump is powered by diesel or natural gas generators. Twelve pump stations were planned but Pump Station 11 was never built, though the southward numbering system for the pump stations retains a place for this nonexistent station. Usually only around seven stations are active at one time, and plans to replace the existing pumps with newer high-efficiency pumps may reduce the number of active stations even further.
The pipeline was built above ground in areas where thaw-sensitive permafrost exists. Where the line must be buried, such as highway crossings or avalanche-prone areas, the pipe is encased in an insulated, refrigerated ditch. Nearby refrigeration plants pump cold brine through 6 inch (15 cm) pipes...(and so on)

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