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War in the Age of Intelligent Machines f...

xls117 — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 08:10:01 +0200

Automatic Console ,

War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991) is a book by Manuel de Landa that traces the history of warfare and of technology. It is influenced in part by Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1978), and also reinterprets the concepts of war machines and the machinic phylum, introduced in Deleuze and Guattari's A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Deleuze & Guattari appreciated Foucault's definition of philosophy as a "tool box" that was to encourage thinking about new ideas. Thus, they themselves prepared the field for a reappropriation of their concepts, that is, a different use in another context of the "same" concept, which they also theorized under the name of "actualization". Manuel de Landa wisely takes advantage of the liberty these authors offered to draw on their concepts in order to investigate his field of studies: the history of warfare and technologies.
Contents
1 A social history of technology and of warfare
2 Centralization and decentralization
3 Wargaming and Game Theory
4 See also
5 Source
//
A social history of technology and of warfare
An invention always needs to be inserted in social practices to become an effective technological innovation. Deleuze and Guattari pointed out how the feudal assemblage was composed of three heterogeneous components: the stirrup, the lance and the knight . Technology is thus inserted in social practices, creating the specific war machine of each social formation. "Tactical integration of new weapons has always been a lengthy process. Rifled firearms, for example, were available to hunters and duelists for over a century before they found their way into the war machine. The tactics of most European armies were based on the volume of fire delivered rather than on the accuracy of individual shots." (p.170) Manuel de Landa thus describes how social and economic formations influence the war machine, i.e. the form of armies, according to each historical period. Quoting warfare historians, he thus shows, for example, how the Roman empire created a phalanx from a centralized state, a
political form not characteristic of the Greek cities. Manuel de Landa draws on chaos theory to show how the biosphere reaches singularities (or bifurcations) which mark self-organization thresholds where emergent properties are displayed, and claims that the "mecanosphere", constituted by the machinic phylum, possesses similar qualities. Examples of such systems include the atmosphere, the solar system, plate tectonics, turbulent fluids, economics, and population growth. Quoting Fernand Braudel's meteorological metaphor to Machiavelli's Italy as a "low pressure area", de Landa shows for example how a certain level of population growth may induce invasions and others wars. Population thus reaches a specific point where it changes nature: just as a solid may be transformed into a liquid if it reaches a specific singularity, which had to be traced by endless trials in the early creation of alloys the point where two different metals, put together, become a new metal this tr
ack has been refined by modern military engineers, who are supported by think tanks in their efforts.
As a historian, Manuel de Landa is thus indebted to Fernand Braudel's Annales School and the study of long-scale historical phenomena, as opposed to human-scale phenomena. However, both authors are far from any technological determinism, which would read history as the linear succession of technological progress. Like Foucault's "archeology", Manuel de Landa's philosophy of technology leaves openings for various causal series which interfers together. But as in A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (1997), de Landa doesn't allow this perspective to justify any anthropocentrism conception of history, which would be centered on teleological progress. Thus, instead of opposing the man to the machine as in classic philosophy, he plays on the interactions between the war machines and the machinic phylum. For example, he writes:
The machinic phylum, seen as technology's own internal dynamics and cutting edge, could still be seen shining through the brilliant civilian discoveries of the transistor and the integrated chip, which had liberated electronic circuit designs from the constraints on their possible complexity. But the military had already begun to tighten its grip on the evolution of the phylum, on the events happening at its cutting edge, channeling its forces but limiting its potential mutations (p.153).
The next threshold point, or singularity, to be reached, according to de Landa, is the point where man and machine cease to oppose themselves, becoming one single war machine, and when that war machine itself is crossed by the machinic phylum this last condition might be compared to Deleuze's call for the desiring molecular machines to use the social machines, instead of being composed and manipulated in order to form a complex molar machines. The developments of artificial intelligence, which will sooner or later lead to the creation of "predatory machines", that is intelligent machines. Even if "the advent of [truly autonomous weapons] may be quite far in the future, the will to endow machines with predatory capabilities has been institutionalized in the [US] military" (p.128) warns de Landa. This disconnection of the war machines from the machinic phylum, of the military institution from the social formation, may result in erratic war machines that become nomads because o
f a lack of political control: if battles are not strategically ordered following political objectives, then even their victories become meaningless. In this specific case, the positive feedback between the war machine and the machinic phylum is broken. Such positive feedback may be illustrated by the virtuous circle between the raising of taxes, which permits funding for the creation of professional armies, used in monarchs' wars with other heads of state, but also used to maintain public order, and thus favoritizes economic growth and supports the amelioration of current armies; a positive feedback seen by the mercantilism movement). But an army that loses its political goals is doomed to permanently remain on the move, following rivers in order to be able to survive off the territory it occupies: its sheer size forces it to nomadism. In this sense, nomadism may be considered as the failure of the war machine, which has become its own end in itself, disconnected from any s
ocial needs and energies. However, de Landa's warning against a certain military conception of technology and of warfare is not presented at all as a prophecy that describes the future with fatalism . Like some other critical theorists, Manuel de Landa avoids the trap that would force one to choose between plain simple unilateral technological or economic determinism (as in vulgar Marxism) and liberal individualism, which denies the existence of ideology (a denegation that Althusser has demonstrated was itself ideologically founded).
Science fiction may refer to this previsioned radical shift to autonomous warfare as a technological singularity, although de Landa would probably argue that this singularity or bifurcation is yet another emergent property of the biosphere, which has led to the creation of a "mecanosphere" centered on the machinic phylum. In yet another passage, Manuel de Landa writes:
I defined the machinic phylum as the set of all the singularities at the onset of processes of self-organization the critical points in the flow of matter and energy, points at which these flows spontaneously acquire a new form or pattern. All these processes, involving elements as different as molecules, cells or termites, may be represented by a few mathematical models. Thus, because one and the same singularity may be said to trigger two very different self-organizing effects, the singularity is said to be 'mechanism independent' (p.132)
If "a same singularity may be said to trigger two very different self-organizing effects", neither technophobia, as presented by Virilio's work, or technophilia are justified in themselves. Manuel de Landa demonstrates that de-centering history from a human perspective is not necessarily denying human freedom, opposing himself to those who would argue, for example, that Louis Althusser's explicit "antihumanism" and insistence on Ideological State Apparatuses (I.S.A.) instead of on the universal and individual subject would be a form of Marxism opposed to the Enlightenment's ideals.
Centralization and decentralization
According to de Landa, centralization and decentralization are two trends in the "war machine": either military commanders try to centralize command and control of each event on the battlefield, and get "human will out of the decision-making loop" or, to the contrary, they delegate responsibility to individual soldiers (e.g. platoons or the German mission-type tactics) in order to avoid "friction". "Friction", according to de Landa, is like "noise" too much undispersed friction blocks the war machine, which destroys itself. Thus, rather than waiting for friction to accumulate at the head of the control, command and communication center (C3), which is the case in centralized armies, decentralized war machines allow it to disperse itself at each level of the machine.
The 1805 Jacquard loom, which used the holes punched in pasteboard punch cards to control the weaving of patterns in fabric, is the first example of a "migration" of human control to machines control, and marks the invention of software according to de Landa. Command and control techniques adapted by the German were then introduced in army arsenals by Frederick Taylor and extended to civilian society: "the imposition of military production methods into the civilian society was accompanied by the transfer of a whole command and control grid." (p.153) The...

Dayle Haddon for anti ageing products

xls117 — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 10:52:02 +0200

grt-50 Vibrating Eggs(Vibrating Tongue) ,

This page may also be able to help find problematic links. (January 2009)
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2009)
(Find sources: Dayle Haddon news, books, scholar)
Dayle Haddon
Haddon at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
Date of birth
May 26, 1949
Place of birth
Montral, Qubec, Canada
Height
5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
Hair color
Brown
Eye color
Blue
Measurements
(US) 33-24-34
(EU) 84-61-86.5
Dress size
(US) 4
(EU) 34
Shoe size
(US) 7
(EU) 39
Agency
Bryan Bantry
Storm Model Management
Dayle Haddon is a model and actress, presently known for promoting anti-aging products manufactured by L'Oral . Additionally, she is credited as author of Ageless Beauty: A Woman's Guide to Lifelong Beauty and Well-Being. During the earlier part of her career as a model, Haddon appeared on the covers of many top fashion and beauty magazines, , as well as the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Haddon also served as a wellness contributor to CBS News where she appeared regularly on The CBS Early Show from 2005-2008.
She is the mother of Ryan Haddon.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 External links
//
Biography
Haddon was born on May 26, 1949 in Montral, Qubec, Canada, where she was also raised. She speaks both English and French. As a child, she was enrolled in dancing classes to develop her physique, and she performed well enough to become a member of Les Grandes Ballets Canadiennes at 13. She was chosen Miss Montreal at 18.
As a model in the 1970s and 80s she represented Max Factor, Revlon, Este Lauder, L'Oral.. She appeared on the cover of the 1973 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and was twice named to Harper's Bazaar's "Ten Most Beautiful Women." She also appeared nude in the April, 1973 issue of Playboy.
She worked as an actress, appearing in the Disney movie The World's Greatest Athlete (1973). She moved to Europe, continued modeling and acting, and appeared in a number of film roles in French and English , as well as occasional small parts in American movies. Her best known roles were in Madame Claude (1977), North Dallas Forty (1979) opposite actor Nick Nolte, and the softcore film Spermula (1976).
During Haddon's tenure as a main face for L'Oral, sales for the Age Perfect line have increased by 50%. According to the New York Times, Dayle has "shattered age taboos" with her multi-year contracts with L'Oral and Este Lauder, among other companies .
Personal life
Haddon's husband died suddenly in 1986, leaving her with little money and a 15-year-old daughter to raise alone. No longer able to afford to live in her house in New York City, she eventually found a position in a small advertising agency in Los Angeles, though her earnings were poor.
Clairol selected her as a spokesperson, and she later broke barriers for women over the age of 35 when she became the global face of a new anti-aging line for Este Lauder, a first in the beauty industry. On the day that her Este Lauder contract expired L'Oral signed her. She now has her own company, Dayle Haddon Concepts Inc. In early 2008 she was named a UNICEF ambassador.
Filmography
Celebrity (1998) .... Waiting Room Patient
Fiesta (1995) .... Cecilia Harrington-Forbes
Tilt-A-Whirl (1995) .... Mother
Bullets Over Broadway (1994) .... Backstage Well-Wisher
Unbecoming Age (1992) .... Susan
Tropical Gamble (1990) .... Helen
Zwei Frauen (1989) .... Darlene Meyers
Cyborg (1989) .... Pearl Prophet
Max Headroom (1987) TV Episode .... Vanna Smith
The Hitchhiker (1986) TV Episode .... Debby Hunt
Roses de Matmata, Les (1986) .... Diane Collins
Paroles et musique (1984) .... Corinne
Bedroom Eyes (1984) .... Alice
Crime, La (1983) .... Suzy Thomson, alias D'Annunzio
Disneyland aka Disney's Wonderful World
North Dallas Forty (1979) .... Charlotte Caulder
Dernier amant romantique, Le (1978) .... Elisabeth
Madame Claude (1977) .... Elizabeth
Maschio Latino cercasi (1977)
Spermula (1976) .... Spermula
40 gradi all'ombra del lenzuolo (1976) .... Marina (segment "La guardia del corpo")
Citt gioca d'azzardo, La (1975) .... Maria Luisa
Supplente, La (1975) .... Sonia
Cugina, La (1974)
Paperback Hero (1973) .... Joanna
The World's Greatest Athlete (1973) .... Jane Douglas
External links
New York Times on Hadden as a ground-breaker
U.S. News & World Report on Haddon's work with UNICEF
CNN interview with Haddon about UNICEF
Ageless Beauty Hyperion Books
The Five Principles of Ageless Living Atria Books (Simon & Schuster)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dayle Haddon
Dayle Haddon at the Internet Movie Database
Dayle Haddon at Fashion Model Directory
v d e
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models
1960s
Babette March Sue Peterson Sunny Bippus Marilyn Tindall Turia Mau Jamee Becker
1970s
Cheryl Tiegs Tannia Rubiano Shelia Roscoe Dayle Haddon Ann Simonton Cheryl Tiegs Yvette and Yvonne Sylvander Lena Kansbod Maria Joao Christie Brinkley
1980s
Christie Brinkley Christie Brinkley Carol Alt Cheryl Tiegs Paulina Porizkova Paulina Porizkova Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Kathy Ireland
1990s
Judit Masc Ashley (Montana) Richardson Kathy Ireland Vendela Kirsebom Kathy Ireland, Rachel Hunter, & Elle Macpherson Daniela Petov Valeria Mazza & Tyra Banks Tyra Banks Heidi Klum Rebecca Romijn
2000s
Daniela Petov Elsa Bentez Yamila Daz Petra Nmcov Veronika Vaekov Carolyn Murphy Veronika Vaekov, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Petov, Elsa Bentez, Carolyn Murphy, & Yamila Daz Beyonc Knowles Marisa Miller Bar Refaeli
v d e
19701979 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
1970
Kay Hughes Kathy Loghry Ann Peterson Cheryl Tiegs Paula Warner
1971
Cynthia Korman Tannia Rubiano Carmen Luisa Vela
1972
Samantha Jones Annette Molen Pixie Petersen Shelia Roscoe Maggie Smith Cheryl Tiegs
1973
Barbra Ehn Jane Gill Dayle Haddon Libb Otis
1974
Carol Latimer Libby Otis Olga Porumbara Ann Simonton Cheryl Tiegs
1975
Christie Brinkley Margaux Hemingway Cheryl Tiegs
1976
Christie Brinkley Yvette & Yvonne Sylvander Cheryl Tiegs
1977
Lena Kansbod Barbara Minty Cheryl Tiegs
1978
Christie Brinkley Maria Joao Monique Moura de Carvalho Cheryl Tiegs
1979
Christie Brinkley Barbara Carrera Apollonia van Ravenstein
Covergirl in bold 20102019 20002009 19901999 19801989 19701979 19641969 || Covers
Persondata
NAME
Haddon, Dayle
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION
Model, actress
DATE OF BIRTH
PLACE OF BIRTH
Montral, Qubec, Canada
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Categories: American film actors | American television actors | Canadian film actors | Canadian television actors | Living people | Anglophone QuebecersHidden categories: Cleanup from January 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | BLP articles lacking sources | Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009

Bicarbonate for calcium hydrogen carbona...

xls117 — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 10:05:01 +0200

Hydrogen Peroxide ,

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)
For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate.
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO3.
Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH buffering system.
Contents
1 Chemical properties
2 Biochemical role
3 Bicarbonate in the environment
4 Other uses
5 Diagnostics
6 Bicarbonate compounds
7 References
8 See also
9 External links
//
Chemical properties
Structure of bicarbonate
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. It is isoelectronic with nitric acid. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid, H2CO3; it is the conjugate acid of CO32, the carbonate ion as shown by these equilibrium reactions.
CO32 +2 H2O HCO3 + H2O + OH H2CO3 +2 OH
H2CO3 +2 H2O HCO3 + H3O+ + H2O CO32 +2 H3O+
A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved solids, a common parameter for assessing water quality.
Biochemical role
Bicarbonate is an alkaline, and a vital component of the pH buffering system of the body (maintaining acid-base homeostasis). 70%-75% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO3).
With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate, in conjunction with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide forms this buffering system which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium required to provide prompt resistance to drastic pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous. (See acidosis, or alkalosis.)
Bicarbonate also acts to regulate pH in the small intestine. It is released from the pancreas in response to the hormone secretin to neutralize the acid chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach
Bicarbonate in the environment
In freshwater ecology strong photosynthetic activity by freshwater plants in daylight releases gaseous oxygen into the water and at the same time produces bicarbonate ions. These shift the pH upwards until in certain circumstances the degree of alkalinity can become toxic to some organisms or can make other chemical constituents such as ammonia toxic. In darkness when no photosynthesis occurs respiration processes release carbon-dioxide and no new bicarbonate ions are produced resulting in a rapid fall in pH.
Other uses
The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is used as baking soda. When exposed to an acid such as acetic acid (vinegar), sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. This is used as a leavening agent in baking.
The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.
Bicarbonate also serves in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive juices have finished in their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestive biscuit manufacture.
Diagnostics
In diagnostic medicine, the blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state of acid-base physiology in the body.
The parameter Standard bicarbonate concentration (SBCe) is the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a CO2 of 5.33kPa, full oxygen saturation and 37 degrees Celsius.
Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing blood content of bicarbonate (shown in blue at right) with other constituents.
Bicarbonate compounds
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Calcium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate
References
^ a b c http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/medph/intro.html
Biology.arizona.edu - October 2006. Clinical correlates of pH levels: bicarbonate as a buffer.
^ Berne & Levy, Principles of Physiology
^ Acid Base Balance (page 3)
See also
Carbon dioxide
Carbonic acid
Carbonate
Carbonic anhydrase
Hard water
Arterial blood gas
External links
Look up bicarbonate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
MeSH Bicarbonates
v d e
Inorganic compounds of carbon
Common oxides
CO2 CO
Exotic oxides
C2O2 C3O2 C5O2 C2O CO3
Compounds derived from oxides
Metal carbonyls Carbonic acid Bicarbonates Carbonates
Ionic compounds
Cyanides Isocyanides Cyanates Thiocyanates Isothiocyanates Carbides
Categories: SaltsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2007

Carbon monoxide for carbon metal

xls117 — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 09:38:01 +0200

Hair Dryer ,

Carbon monoxide
IUPAC name

Carbon monooxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon(II) oxide
Other names
Carbonic oxide
Identifiers
CAS number
[630-08-0]
PubChem
281
EC number
211-128-3
UN number
1016
ChEBI
17245
RTECS number
FG3500000
ChemSpider ID
275
Properties
Molecular formula
CO
Molar mass
28.010 g/mol
Appearance
colourless, odorless gas
Density
0.789 g/mL, liquid
1.250 g/L at 0 C, 1 atm
1.145 g/L at 25 C, 1 atm
Melting point
205 C (68 K)
Boiling point
191.5 C (81 K)
Solubility in water
0.0026 g/100 mL (20 C)
Solubility
soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide
Dipole moment
0.112 D
Hazards
MSDS
External MSDS
EU Index
006-001-00-2
EU classification
Highly flammable (F+)
Repr. Cat. 1
Toxic (T)
R-phrases
R61, R12, R23, R48/23
S-phrases
S53, S45
NFPA 704
2
4
0

Flash point
-191 C
Autoignition
temperature
609 C
Related compounds
Related carbon oxides
Carbon dioxide
Carbon suboxide
Oxocarbons
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties
n, r, etc.
Thermodynamic
data
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a covalent double bond and a dative covalent bond. It is the simplest oxocarbon, and can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid (CH2O2).
Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms in preference to the more usual carbon dioxide (CO2) when there is a reduced availability of oxygen, such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. Carbon monoxide has significant fuel value, burning in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Despite its serious toxicity, it was once widely used (as the main component of coal gas) for domestic lighting, cooking and heating, and in the production of nickel. Carbon monoxide still plays a major role in modern technology, in industrial processes such as iron smelting and as a precursor to myriad products.
Contents
1 History
2 Molecular properties
3 Biological and physiological properties
3.1 Toxicity
3.2 Human physiology
3.3 Microbiology
4 Occurrence
4.1 Atmospheric presence
4.2 Urban pollution
4.3 Indoor pollution
5 Production
5.1 Laboratory preparation
5.2 Industrial production
6 Coordination chemistry
7 Organic and main group chemistry
8 Uses
8.1 Chemical industry
8.2 Meat coloring
8.3 Medicine
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
//
History
Carbon monoxide has been unknowingly used by humans since prehistoric times, for the smelting of iron and other metallic ores.[citation needed] The gas was used for executions by the Greek and Romans in Classical Antiquity, and was described by the Spanish doctor Arnaldus de Villa Nova in the 11th century[citation needed]. In 1776 the French chemist de Lassone produced CO by heating zinc oxide with coke, but mistakenly concluded that the gaseous product was hydrogen as it burned with a blue flame.[citation needed] The gas was identified as a compound containing carbon and oxygen by the English chemist William Cumberland Cruikshank in the year 1800. Its toxic properties on dogs were thoroughly investigated by Claude Bernard around 1846.
During World War II, carbon monoxide was used to keep motor vehicles running in parts of the world where gasoline was scarce. External charcoal or wood burners were fitted, and the carbon monoxide produced by gasification was piped to the carburetor.[citation needed] The CO in this case is known as "wood gas". Carbon monoxide was also reportedly used on a small scale during the Holocaust at some Nazi extermination camps (most notably by gas vans in Chelmno), and in the Action T4 "euthanasia" program.[citation needed]
Molecular properties
The carbon monoxide molecule consists of one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen, covalently bonded by a double bond and a dative covalent bond. Its bond length is 112.8 pm. The effects of atomic formal charge and electronegativity result in a small bond dipole moment with its negative end on the carbon atom The reason for this, despite oxygen's greater electronegativity, is that the highest occupied molecular orbital has an energy much closer to that of carbon's p orbitals, meaning that greater electron density is found near the carbon. In addition, carbon's lower electronegativity creates a much more diffuse electron cloud, enhancing the polarizability. This is also the reason that almost all chemistry involving carbon monoxide occurs through the carbon atom, and not the oxygen.
The bond length of CO is consistent with a partial triple bond, and the molecule can be represented by three resonance structures:
In this classical model, the leftmost structure contributes the most. As such, carbon monoxide resembles molecular nitrogen, and in addition, it has nearly the same molecular mass. Indeed, their physical properties (boiling point, melting point, etc.) are very similar.
Biological and physiological properties
Toxicity
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. Carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless, but extremely toxic: it combines with hemoglobin in the blood to produce carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to the body tissues (a condition known as anoxemia). Concentrations as low as 667 ppm can cause up to 50% of the body's hemoglobin to convert to HbCO. In the United States, OSHA limits long-term workplace exposure levels to 50 ppm.
The most common symptoms of CO poisoning can resemble the flu, including headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, lethargy and a feeling of weakness. Infants may be irritable and feed poorly. Neurological signs include confusion, disorientation, visual disturbance, syncope and seizures.
In his pioneering 1846 study, Claude Bernard observed that that the blood of poisoned dogs was more rutilant ("gleaming" or "glowing") in all the vessels, a fact now known to be due to the formation of HbCO. Some classic descriptions of CO poisoning cite also retinal hemorrhages, bright reddish skin, and an abnormal "cherry-red" blood hue; but in most clinical diagnoses these signs are seldom seen.
Carbon monoxide is believed to compromise other important molecules such as myoglobin, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Exposures can lead to significant damage to the heart and central nervous system, especially to the globus pallidus, often with long-term sequelae. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman.
Human physiology
Carbon monoxide is produced naturally in the human body as part of normal metabolism, such as the breakdown of heme (a part of the hemoglobin molecule) by the enzyme heme oxygenase to CO, biliverdin and a Fe3+ cation. The endogenously produced CO may have important physiological roles in the body, such as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessels relaxant. In the neuronal system it has been shown to be involved in learning and memory and odor response, among others.[citation needed] It provides cardiac protection in the circulatory system. It also has roles in the immune, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in the kidneys and liver. Because of its expansive role, abnormalities in CO metabolism have been linked to a variety of disease processes, including neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, and inflammation. In addition CO regulates inflammatory reactions in a manner that prevents the development of several diseases such as atherosclero
sis or severe malaria.[citation needed]
Microbiology
CO is a nutrient for methanogenic bacteria, a building block for acetylcoenzyme A. This theme is the subject for the emerging field of bioorganometallic chemistry. In bacteria, CO is produced via the reduction of carbon dioxide via the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, an Fe-Ni-S-containing protein.
A heme-based CO-sensor protein, CooA, is known. The scope of its biological role is still unclear, it is apparently part of a signaling pathway in bacteria and archaea, but its occurrence in mammals is not established.
Occurrence
Carbon monoxide commonly occurs in various natural and artificial environments. Here are some typical concentrations:
0.1 ppm - natural background atmosphere level (MOPITT)
0.5 to 5 ppm - average background level in homes
5 to 15 ppm - levels near properly adjusted gas stoves in homes
100-200 ppm - Mexico City central area from autos etc.
5,000 ppm - chimney of a home wood fire
7,000 ppm - undiluted warm car exhaust - without catalytic converter
Atmospheric presence
MOPITT 2000 global carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide has always been present as a minor constituent of the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity but also from natural and man-made fires (such as forest and bushfires, burning of crop residues, and...

Surface for avx capacitor

xls117 — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 06:09:01 +0200

MLB & FPCB Bonding M/C ,

Look up surface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
An open surface with X-, Y-, and Z-contours shown.
In mathematics, specifically in topology, a surface is a two-dimensional topological manifold. The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 for example, the surface of a ball or bagel. On the other hand, there are surfaces which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space without introducing singularities or intersecting itself these are the unorientable surfaces.
To say that a surface is "two-dimensional" means that, about each point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth is (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere, and latitude and longitude provide coordinates on it except at the International Date Line and the poles, where longitude is undefined. This example illustrates that not all surfaces admits a single coordinate patch. In general, multiple coordinate patches are needed to cover a surface.
Surfaces find application in physics, engineering, computer graphics, and many other disciplines, primarily when they represent the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane, the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface.
Contents
1 Definitions and first examples
2 Extrinsically defined surfaces and embeddings
3 Construction from polygons
4 Connected sums
5 Classification of closed surfaces
6 Surfaces in geometry
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
Definitions and first examples
A (topological) surface is a Hausdorff topological space on which every point has an open neighbourhood homeomorphic to some open subset of the Euclidean plane E2. Such a neighborhood, together with the corresponding homeomorphism, is known as a (coordinate) chart. It is through this chart that the neighborhood inherits the standard coordinates on the Euclidean plane. This coordinates are known as local coordinates and these homeomorphisms lead us to describe surfaces as being locally Euclidean.
More generally, a (topological) surface with boundary is a Hausdorff topological space in which every point has an open neighbourhood homeomorphic to some open subset of the upper half-plane H2. These homeomorphisms are also known as (coordinate) charts. The boundary of the upper half-plane is the x-axis. A point on the surface mapped via a chart to the x-axis is termed a boundary point. The collection of such points is known as the boundary of the surface which is necessarily a one-manifold, that is, the union of closed curves. On the other hand, a point mapped to above the x-axis is an interior point. The collection of interior points is the interior of the surface which is always non-empty. The closed disk is a simple example of a surface with boundary. The boundary of the disc is a circle.
The term surface used without qualification refers to surfaces without boundary. In particular, a surface with empty boundary is a surface in the usual sense. A surface with empty boundary and is compact is known as a 'closed' surface. The two-dimensional sphere, the two-dimensional torus, and the real projective plane are examples of closed surfaces.
The Mbius strip is a surface with only one "side". In general, a surface is said to be orientable if it does not contain a homeomorphic copy of the Mbius strip; intuitively, it has two distinct "sides". For example, the sphere and torus are orientable, while the real projective plane is not (because deleting a point or disk from the real projective plane produces the Mbius strip).
In differential and algebraic geometry, extra structure is added upon the topology of the surface. This added structures detects singularities, such as self-intersections and cusps, that cannot be described solely in terms of the underlying topology.
Extrinsically defined surfaces and embeddings
A sphere can be defined parametrically (by x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos ) or implicitly (by x + y + z r = 0.)
Historically, surfaces were initially defined as subspaces of Euclidean spaces. Often, these surfaces were the locus of zeros of certain functions, usually polynomial functions. Such a definition considered the surface as part of a larger (Euclidean) spaces, and as such was termed extrinsic.
In the previous section, a surface is defined as a topological space with certain property, namely Hausdorff and locally Euclidean. This topological space is not considered as being a subspace of another space. In this sense, the definition given above, which is the definition that mathematicians use at present, is intrinsic.
A surface defined as intrinsic is not required to satisfy the added constraint of being a subspace of Euclidean space. It seems possible at first glance that there are surfaces defined intrinsically that are not surfaces in the extrinsic sense. However, the Whitney embedding theorem asserts that every surface can in fact be embedded homeomorphically into Euclidean space, in fact into E4. Therefore the extrinsic and intrinsic approaches turn out to be equivalent.
In fact, any compact surface that is either orientable or has a boundary can be embedded in E; on the other hand, the real projective plane, which is compact, non-orientable and without boundary, cannot be embedded into E (see Gramain). Steiner surfaces, including Boy's surface, the Roman surface and the cross-cap, are immersions of the real projective plane into E. These surfaces are singular where the immersions intersect themselves.
The Alexander horned sphere is a well-known pathological embedding of the two-sphere into the three-sphere.
A knotted torus.
The chosen embedding (if any) of a surface into another space is regarded as extrinsic information; it is not essential to the surface itself. For example, a torus can be embedded into E in the "standard" manner (that looks like a bagel) or in a knotted manner (see figure). The two embedded tori are homeomorphic but not isotopic; they are topologically equivalent, but their embeddings are not.
The image of a continuous, injective function from R2 to higher-dimensional Rn is said to be a parametric surface. Such an image is so-called because the x- and y- directions of the domain R2 are 2 variables that parametrize the image. Be careful that a parametric surface need not be a topological surface. A surface of revolution can be viewed as a special kind of parametric surface.
If f is a smooth function from R to R whose gradient is nowhere zero, Then the locus of zeros of f does define a surface, known as an implicit surface. If the condition of non-vanishing gradient is dropped then the zero locus may develop singularities.
Construction from polygons
Each closed surface can be constructed from an oriented polygon with an even number of sides, called a fundamental polygon of the surface, by pairwise identification of its edges. For example, in each polygon below, attaching the sides with matching labels (A with A, B with B), so that the arrows point in the same direction, yields the indicated surface.
sphere
real projective plane
torus
Klein bottle
Any fundamental polygon can be written symbolically as follows. Begin at any vertex, and proceed around the perimeter of the polygon in either direction until returning to the starting vertex. During this traversal, record the label on each edge in order, with an exponent of -1 if the edge points opposite to the direction of traversal. The four models above, when traversed clockwise starting at the upper left, yield
sphere: ABB 1A 1
real projective plane: ABAB
torus: ABA 1B 1
Klein bottle: ABAB 1.
The expression thus derived from a fundamental polygon of a surface turns out to be the sole relation in a presentation of the fundamental group of the surface with the polygon edge labels as generators. This is a consequence of the Seifertan Kampen theorem.
Gluing edges of polygons is a special kind of quotient space process. The quotient concept can be applied in greater generality to produce new or alternative constructions of surfaces. For example, the real projective plane can be obtained as the quotient of the sphere by identifying all pairs of opposite points on the sphere. Another example of a quotient is the connected sum.
Connected sums
The connected sum of two surfaces M and N, denoted M # N, is obtained by removing a disk from each of them and gluing them along the boundary components that result. The boundary of a disk is a circle, so these boundary components are circles. The Euler characteristic of M # N is the sum of the Euler characteristics of the summands, minus two:
The sphere S is an identity element for the connected sum, meaning that S # M = M. This is because deleting a disk from the sphere leaves a disk, which simply replaces the disk deleted from M upon gluing.
Connected summation with the torus T is also described as attaching a "handle" to the other summand M. If M is orientable, then so is T # M. The connected sum is associative so the connected sum of a finite number of surfaces is well-defined.
The connected sum of two real projective planes is the Klein bottle. The connected sum of the real projective plane and the Klein bottle is homeomorphic to the connected sum of the real projective plane with the torus. Thus, the connected sum of three real projective planes is homeomorphic to the connected sum of the real projective plane with the torus. Any connected sum involving a real projective plane is nonorientable.
Classification of closed surfaces
The...

Plasma cutting

xls117 — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 08:39:36 +0200

5 In 1 Cover And Extra Button Kit ,
Process
Freehand cut of heavy metal
The HF Contact type typically found in budget machines uses a high-frequency, high-voltage spark to ionise the air through the torch head and initiate an arc. These require the torch to be in contact with the job material when starting, and so are not suitable for applications involving CNC cutting.
The Pilot Arc type uses a two cycle approach to producing plasma, avoiding the need for initial contact. First, a high-voltage, low current circuit is used to initialize a very small high-intensity spark within the torch body, thereby generating a small pocket of plasma gas. This is referred to as the pilot arc. The pilot arc has a return electrical path built into the torch head. The pilot arc will maintain itself until it is brought into proximity of the workpiece where it ignites the main plasma cutting arc. Plasma arcs are extremely hot and are in the range of 15,000 degrees Celsius.
Plasma is an effective means of cutting thin and thick materials alike. Hand-held torches can usually cut up to 2 in (48 mm) thick steel plate, and stronger computer-controlled torches can pierce and cut steel up to 12 inches (300 mm) thick. Formerly, plasma cutters could only work on conductive materials; however, new technologies allow the plasma ignition arc to be enclosed within the nozzle, thus allowing the cutter to be used for non-conductive workpieces such as glass[citation needed] and plastics[citation needed] , lifts hydraulic .
Since plasma cutters produce a very hot and very localized "cone" to cut with, they are extremely useful for cutting sheet metal in curved or angled shapes , universal charger kit .
Starting method , screwdriver wrench .
Plasma cutters use a number of methods to start the pilot arc, depending on the environment the unit is to be used in and its age. Older cutters use a high voltage, high frequency circuit to start the arc. This method has a number of disadvantages, including risk of electrocution, difficulty of repair, sparkgap maintenance, and the large amount of radio frequency emissions. Plasma cutters working near sensitive electronics, such as CNC hardware or computers, use the contact start method. The nozzle and electrode are in contact. The nozzle is the cathode, and the electrode is the anode. When the plasma gas begins to flow, the nozzle is blown forward. A third, less common method is capacitive discharge into the primary circuit via a Silicon Controlled Rectifier , caterpillar hand tools .
Inverter plasma cutters
Analog plasma cutters, typically requiring more than 2 kilowatts, use a heavy mains-frequency transformer. Inverter plasma cutters rectify the mains supply to DC, which is fed into a high-frequency transistor inverter between 10kHz to about 200kHz. Higher switching frequencies give greater effiencies in the transformer, allowing its size and weight to be reduced.
The transistors used were initially MOSFETs, but are now increasingly using IGBTs. With paralleled MOSFETs, if one of the transistors activates prematurely it can lead to a cascading failure of one quarter of the inverter. A later invention, IGBTs, are not as subject to this failure mode. IGBTs can be generally found in high current machines where it is not possible to parallel sufficient MOSFET transistors.
The switch mode topology is referred to as a dual transistor off-line forward converter. Although lighter and more powerful, some inverter plasma cutters, especially those without power factor correction, cannot be run from a generator (that means manufacturer of the inverter unit forbids doing so; it is only valid for small, light portable generators). However newer models have internal circuitry that allow units without power factor correction to run on light power generators.
Plasma gouging
Plasma gouging is a related process, typically performed on the same equipment as plasma cutting. Instead of cutting the material, plasma gouging uses a different torch configuration (torch nozzles and gas diffusers are usually different), and a longer torch-to-workpiece distance, to blow away metal. Plasma gouging can be used in a variety of applications, including removing a weld for rework. The additional sparks generated by the process requires the operator to wear a leather shield protecting their hand and forearm. Torch leads also can be protected by a leather sheath or heavy insulation.
CNC cutting methods
Plasma cutting with a CNC machine
Plasma cutting with tilting head with the HPR260
Plasma cutters have also been used in CNC (computer numerically controlled) machinery. Manufacturers build CNC cutting tables, some with the cutter built in to the table. The idea behind CNC tables is to allow a computer to control the torch head making clean sharp cuts. Modern CNC plasma equipment is capable of multi-axis cutting of thick material, allowing opportunities for complex welding seams on CNC welding equipment that is not possible otherwise. For thinner material cutting, plasma cutting is being progressively replaced by laser cutting, due mainly to the laser cutter's superior hole-cutting abilities.
A specialized use of CNC Plasma Cutters has been in the HVAC industry. Software will process information on ductwork and create flat patterns to be cut on the cutting table by the plasma torch. This technology has enormously increased productivity within the industry since its introduction in the early 1980s.
In recent years there has been even more development in the area of CNC Plasma Cutting Machinery. Traditionally the machines' cutting tables was horizontal but now due to further research and development Vertical CNC Plasma Cutting Machines are available. This advancement provides a machine with a small footprint, increased flexibility, optimum safety, faster operation, energy efficiency, ergonomic and more environmentally friendly.
New technology
High performance cut
In the past decade plasma torch manufacturers have engineered new models with a smaller nozzle and a thinner plasma arc. This allows near-laser quality on plasma cut edges. Several manufacturers have combined precision CNC control with these torches to allow fabricators to produce parts that require little or no finishing.
Costs
Plasma torches were once quite expensive. For this reason they were usually only found in professional welding shops and very well-stocked private garages and shops. However, modern plasma torches are becoming cheaper, and now are within the price range of many hobbyists. Older units may be very heavy, but still portable, while some newer ones with inverter technology weigh only a little, yet equal or exceed the capacities of older ones.
See also
Plasma arc welding
Water jet cutter
External links
HowStuffWorks on plasma cutting
Plasma Cutter Safe Work Method Statement
v d e
Metalworking

Tools
Cutting machines
Water jet cutter Band saw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma
Cutting tools
Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Guillotine shear Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Reamer Throatless shear Tipped tool Tool bit
Forming tools
Brake Die English Wheel Flypress Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Stamping press
Hand tools
Clamp Combination square Drift pin File card Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Magnetic base Needlegun scaler Pipe and tube bender Pliers Punch Saw piercing Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench
Machine tooling
Angle plate Chuck Collet Jig Fixture Indexing head Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler
Measuring instruments
Bore gauge Caliper Comparator Dial indicator Engineer's blue Feeler Center gauge and fishtail gauge Gauge block Gauge Go-NoGo Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Radius gauge Scale Sine bar Spirit level Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch Height gauge Vernier scale Wiggler
Smithing tools
Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy hole Hardy tools Pritchel Slack tub Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer
Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools & Terminology Welding
Categories: Cutting machines | Metalworking cutting tools | Plasma processingHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009

Cutting fluid

xls117 — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 08:39:19 +0200

8pcs Garden Hand Tools ,
Mechanisms of action
Cooling
Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat due to friction between the tool and the pieces and due to energy lost deforming the material. The surrounding air alone is a rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the rate of heat transfer is low. Ambient-air cooling is adequate for light cuts with periods of rest in between, such as are typical in maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) work or hobbyist contexts. However, for heavy cuts and constant use, such as in production work, more heat is produced per time period than ambient-air cooling can remove. It is not acceptable to introduce long idle periods into the cycle time to allow the air-cooling of the tool to "catch up" when the heat-removal can instead be accomplished with a flood of liquid, which can "keep up" with the heat generation.
Lubrication at the tool-chip interface
Besides cooling, the other way that cutting fluids aid the cutting process is by lubricating the interface between the tool's cutting edge and the chip. By preventing friction at this interface, some of the heat generation is prevented. This lubrication also helps prevent the chip from being welded onto the tool, which interferes with subsequent cutting , horse grooming kit .
EP additives are often added to cutting fluids , heavy duty cutters .
Delivery method , hand cutters .
Every conceivable method of applying cutting fluid (e.g., flooding, spraying, dripping, misting, brushing) can be used, with the best choice depending on the application and the equipment available. For many metalcutting applications the ideal would be high-pressure, high-volume pumping to force a stream of fluid directly into the tool-chip interface, with walls around the machine to contain the splatter and a sump to catch, filter, and recirculate the fluid. This type of system is commonly employed, especially in manufacturing. It is often not a practical option for MRO or hobbyist metalcutting, where smaller, simpler machine tools are used. Fortunately it is also not necessary in those applications, where heavy cuts, aggressive speeds and feeds, and constant, all-day cutting are not vital , automotive machine tools .
Types of cutting fluid
Liquids
There are generally three types of liquids: mineral, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. Semi-synthetic and synthetic cutting fluids try to blend the best properties of oil into the best properties of water. They basically achieve this by allowing oil to emulsify into water. Some of these properties are: rust inhibition, tolerance of a wide range of water hardness (maintain pH stability around 9 to 10), ability to work with many metals, resist thermal breakdown, and environmental safety.
Water is a great conductor of heat but has drawbacks as a cutting fluid. It boils easily, promotes rusting of machine parts, and does not lubricate well. Therefore, other ingredients are necessary to create an optimal cutting fluid.
Mineral coolants, which are petroleum-based, began in the late 1800s. They vary from the thick, dark, sulfur-rich cutting oils used in heavy industry to light, clear oils.
Semi-synthetic coolants are an emulsion or microemulsion of water with mineral oil. They began in the 1930s. A typical CNC usually uses emulsified coolant, which consists of a small amount of oil emulsified into a larger amount of water through the use of a detergent.
Synthetic coolants originated in the late 1950s and are usually water-based.
A hand-held refractometer is used to determine the mix ratio (also called strength) of water soluble coolants to verify effectiveness. Numerous other test equipment are used to determine such things as acidity, and amount of conductivity.
Pastes or gels
Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste or gel when used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping.
Mists
Some cutting fluids are used in mist (aerosol) form.
Other fluids used (present and past)
Present
Kerosene, rubbing alcohol, and 3-In-One Oil often give good results when working on aluminium.
Lard is suitable for general machining and also press tool work.
Mineral oil
WD-40
Dielectric fluid is the cutting fluid used in Electrical discharge machines (EDMs). It is usually deionized water or a high-flash-point kerosene. Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the fluid is used to stabilise the temperature of the workpiece, along with flushing any eroded particles from the immediate work area. The dielectric fluid is nonconductive.
Liquid- (water- or petroleum oil-) cooled water tables are used with the plasma arc cutting (PAC) process.
Past
In 19th-century machining practice, it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was simply a practical expedient to keep the cutter cool, regardless of whether it provided any lubrication at the cutting edgehip interface. When one considers that high-speed steel (HSS) had not been developed yet, the need to cool the tool becomes all the more apparent. (HSS retains its hardness at high temperatures; other carbon tool steels do not.) An improvement was soda water, which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides. These options are generally not used today because better options are available.
Lard was very popular in the past. It is used less often today, because of the wide variety of other options, but it is still a fine option.
Old machine shop training texts speak of using red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil. This practice is obsolete. Lead is a health hazard, and excellent non-lead-containing options are available.
From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some cutting fluids more effective. In shop-floor slang it was referred to as "one-one-one". It has been phased out because of its ozone-depleting and CNS-depressing properties.
Safety concerns (toxicity, bacteria, fungi)
Cutting fluids have been associated with skin rashes, dermatitis, esophagitis, lung disease, and cancer. These problems result from either toxicity or bacterial or fungal contamination.
Metalworking fluids often contain substances such as biocides, corrosion inhibitors, metal fines, tramp oils, and biological contaminants. Inhalation of cutting fluid aerosols may cause irritation of the throat, nose, and lungs and has been associated with chronic bronchitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), and worsening of pre-existing respiratory problems. Skin exposure may result from touching contaminated surfaces, handling parts and equipment, splashing fluids, and aerosol mist settling on the skin. Skin contact with cutting fluids may cause allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and occupational ("oil") acne.
Safer formulations provide a natural resistance to tramp oils allowing improved filtration separation without removing the base additive package. Ventilation, splash guards on machines, and personal protective equipment can mitigate hazards related to cutting fluids.
Bacterial growth is predominant in semi-synthetic and synthetic fluids. Tramp oil along with human hair or skin oil are some of the debris during cutting which accumulates and forms a layer on the top of the liquid, anaerobic bacteria proliferate due to a number of factors. An early sign of the need for replacement is the "Monday-morning smell" (due to lack of usage from Friday to Monday). Antiseptics are sometimes added to the fluid to kill bacteria. Such use must be balanced against whether the antiseptics will harm the cutting performance, workers' health, or the environment. Maintaining as low a fluid temperature as practical will slow the growth of microorganisms.
Environmental impact
Old, used cutting fluid must be disposed of when it is fetid or when it is chemically degraded and has lost its performance. As with used motor oil or other wastes, its impact on the environment should be mitigated. Legislation and regulation specify how this mitigation should be achieved. Enforcement is the most challenging aspect. Modern cutting fluid disposal may involve techniques such as ultrafiltration using polymeric or ceramic membranes which concentrates the suspended and emulsified oil phase.
See also
Coolants
EP additive
Lubricants
Metalworking
References
^ OSHA (1999). Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual. Salt Lake City: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
^ NIOSH (2007). Health hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: HETA 005-0227-3049, Diamond Chain Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
^ a b NIOSH (1998). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to metalworking fluids. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 98-102.
Categories: Coolants | Metalworking | Lubricants | Petroleum products

Leg End

xls117 — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 08:01:18 +0200

Ceramic Roof Tile ,
Leg End (aka Legend)
Studio album by Henry Cow
Released
August 1973
Recorded
Mayune 1973, The Manor, Oxfordshire, England
Genre
Avant-progressive rock
Length
43:33
Label
Virgin (UK)
Producer
Henry Cow
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Piero Scaruffi (7/10) link
Robert Christgau (B) link
Henry Cow chronology
Leg End(1973)
Unrest(1974)
Leg End (also known as Legend) is the debut album of British avant-garde rock group Henry Cow. It was recorded at Virgin Records's Manor studios over three weeks in May and June 1973, mixed in July 1973, and released in August 1973.
The album cover art work was by artist Ray Smith and was the first of three "paint socks" to adorn Henry Cow's albums.
Contents
1 Content
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
3.1 Guests
3.2 Sound and art work
4 CD reissues
5 See also
6 References
7 Footnotes
8 External links
//
Content
With the exception of the last track, and background voices on "Teenbeat", this is an instrumental album. The jazzy Canterbury sound on some of the pieces shows Henry Cow's beginnings, although they quickly moved on to establish their own unique sound.
"With the Yellow Half-Moon and Blue Star" is a Fred Frith composition that was commissioned by the Cambridge Contemporary Dance Group under Liebe Klug, and was named after a painting by Paul Klee ("Avec la demi-lune jaune et l'oile bleue"). Only an extract appears on this album, but the full 16-minute version of the suite is included in The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009). Parts of "Teenbeat" began in "With the Yellow Half-Moon and Blue Star" and parts of it were later incorporated into "Ruins" (Unrest). "Nine Funerals of the Citizen King", sung by the whole group, was Henry Cow's first overt political statement.
Track listing
Side one
"Nirvana for Mice" (Frith) 4:53
"Amygdala" (Hodgkinson) 6:47
"Teenbeat (Introduction)" (Henry Cow) 4:32
"Teenbeat" (Frith, Greaves) 6:57
Side two
"Nirvana (Reprise)" (Frith) 1:11
"Extract from 'With the Yellow Half-Moon and Blue Star' " (Frith) 2:26
"Teenbeat (Reprise)" (Frith) 5:07
"The Tenth Chaffinch" (Henry Cow) 6:06
"Nine Funerals of the Citizen King" (Hodgkinson) 5:34
Bonus track on 1991 CD re-issue
"Bellycan" (Henry Cow) 3:19
Personnel
Geoff Leigh saxophones, flute, clarinet, recorder, voice
Tim Hodgkinson organ, piano, alto saxophone, clarinet, little bells, voice
Fred Frith guitars, violin, viola, piano, voice
John Greaves bass guitar, piano, whistle, voice
Chris Cutler drums, toys, piano, whistle, voice
Lindsay Cooper bassoon (on 1991 CD re-issue only)
Guests
Jeremy Baines pixiphone on "Yellow Half-Moon"
Sarah Greaves, Maggie Thomas and Cathy Williams chorus on "Teenbeat"
Sound and art work
Tom Newman recording engineer
Mike Oldfield recording engineer (first part of "Nirvana for Mice")
Henry Cow producer
Ray Smith cover art
CD reissues
In 1991 East Side Digital issued a remixed version (by Tim Hodgkinson) of Leg End on CD, which included a bonus track, "Bellycan". Lindsay Cooper, who was not yet a member of the group at the time of the LP recording, played bassoon on "Amygdala", replacing Geoff Leigh's saxophone, which Hodgkinson felt was "too jazzy".
In 1998 both East Side Digital and Recommended Records reissued Leg End on CD with the original mixing restored and the bonus track omitted.
See also
Henry Cow Box (2006)
References
Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009). The Road: Volumes 1-5 (book from The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set). Recommended Records.
Footnotes
^ Kelman, John. "Henry Cow: The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set". All About Jazz. http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=31544. Retrieved on 2009-01-14.
^ (The Road: Volumes 1-5, p. 7)
^ (The Road: Volumes 1-5, p. 6)
^ When Henry Cow arrived at The Manor for their first recording session, the recording engineer, Tom Newman was "under the table", and Mike Oldfield undertook the recording duties for the first session. (The Road: Volumes 1-5, p. 3)
^ (The Road: Volumes 1-5, p. 4)
External links
Fred Frith discography
"Nine Funerals of the Citizen King" lyrics. The Canterbury Website.

v?d?eHenry Cow
Lindsay Cooper? Chris Cutler? Fred Frith? John Greaves? Tim Hodgkinson? Dagmar KrausePeter Blegvad? Georgie Born? Geoff Leigh? Anthony Moore
Discography
Leg End (1973)? Unrest (1974)? Henry Cow Concerts (1976)? Western Culture (1979)? Stockholm & G?teborg (2008)with Slapp Happy: Desperate Straights (1975)? In Praise of Learning (1975)
Box sets
Henry Cow Box (2006)? The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009)
Compositions
"Living in the Heart of the Beast" (1975)? "Erk Gah" (1976)
Related bands
Slapp Happy? Art Bears
See also
Rock in Opposition
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McCann Rescue Chamber

xls117 — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 07:59:53 +0200

Electrical Liquidtight Flexible Steel Conduits,Fittings ,

The McCann Submarine Rescue Chamber is a device for rescuing submariners from a submarine that is unable to surface.
Contents
1 History
2 USS Squalus rescue
3 Design
4 Limitations
5 See also
6 References
//
History
During the first two decades of the United States Navy Submarine Force, there had been several accidents in which US Navy submarines had sunk with the loss of life. The impetus for the invention for the chamber was the loss of the S-51 on 25 September 1925, and the loss of the S-4 on 17 December 1927. In the case of the S-4, all of her officers and men were able to reach unflooded compartments as the submarine went to the bottom in 110 feet of water. However, the majority, who had gone aft, soon succumbed. In her torpedo room, forward, six men remained alive. Heroic efforts were made to rescue six survivors trapped in the forward torpedo room, who had exchanged a series of signals with divers, by tapping on the hull. In extremely cold water and tangled wreckage, Navy divers worked desperately to rescue them, but a storm forced the abandonment of this effort on 24 December. Despite the efforts, the men were lost and forty men lost their lives in the tragedy.
These experiences led Charles Bowers Momsen to think of technical alternatives for rescuing survivors from sunken submarines, which at that time was still a virtual impossibility. Momsen soon conceived the idea of a submarine rescue chamber lowered from the surface to mate with a submarine's escape hatch and proposed the concept through official channels. While in command of the submarine S-1 (SS-105), in 1926, Momsen wrote to the Bureau of Construction and Repair and recommended the adoption of a diving bell for the purposes of rescuing entrapped personnel from submarines. But this idea was pigeonholed by the bureaucracy, even during his own subsequent assignment at the Bureau of Construction and Repair. The loss of the S-4 with all hands put the Navy was very much "on the spot" because of the loss of lives that might have been saved. The pressure of this incident forced favorable action and Momsen, using the aircraft hanger from the S-1 designed and built a prototype submarine rescue chamber

During the first three months of 1928, divers and other salvage personnel were able to raise the sunken S-4 and tow her to the Boston Navy Yard, where she was drydocked and repaired. She returned to active duty in October 1928 and was employed thereafter as a submarine rescue and salvage test ship. Momsen went to sea in the reconditioned S-4 to carry out practical experiments and training with the rescue chambers.
Work with the S-4 helped to develop equipment and techniques that bore fruit a decade later, when 33 men were brought up alive from the sunken submarine USS Squalus. The first diving bells for rescuing men from submarines were designed by the Bureau of Construction and Repair, in 1928. The diving bell went through a series of tests off the shores of Key West, Florida. Based on these tests, Momsen had several changes in mind for the bell, and after nearly two years of experimentation full of highly interesting results, the final bell was evolved and christened a "rescue chamber." This success was then the catalyst for gaining approval for development of the submarine rescue chamber in 1930. Before he could make these changes, Momsen went to the Bureau of Construction and Repair to work on an underwater breathing apparatus for individual escapes. Momsen turned to devising the "Momsen Lung," demonstrating it successfully in a series of unauthorized experiments in the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers, and finally attracted enough favorable attention to see the lung adopted by the Navy in 1929.
Lieutenant Commander Allan Rockwell McCann was put in charge of the revisions on the diving bell. From July 1929 to July 1931, McCann was assigned to the Maintenance Division, Bureau of Construction and Repair, where he developed the submarine rescue chamber. When the bell was completed in late 1930, it was introduced as the McCann Rescue Chamber. In 1931 a one-fifth scale model of a diving bell for submarine rescue work was built and tested. Design called for the bell to withstand the external pressure encountered at a depth of at least 300 feet of water, and the test showed that the model fulfilled this requirement with a factor of safety of about 3.5. The vessel was tested under external pressure, failure occurring in the shell at a pressure of 470 lbs. per sq. in. Since the head of the vessel remained intact, it was decided to make a test of the head itself in order to determine its strength relative to that of the shell, and if possible to obtain some measure of the stresses occurring under load. The head collapsed at a pressure of 525 lbs. per sq. in., indicating that its strength under external pressure was about 10% in excess of that of the shell.
USS Squalus rescue
In 1939, the McCann Rescue Chamber made its debut when it was used to successfully rescue thirty-three survivors from the USS Squalus , At the time of the Squalus disaster, Lieutenant Commander Charles B. Momsen was serving as head of the Experimental Diving Unit at the Washington Navy Yard. And the submarine rescue ship USS Falcon (ASR-2), commanded by Lieutenant Grant A. Sharp, was on site within twenty-four hours lowered the newly developed McCann rescue chamber -- a revised version of a diving bell invented by Momsen -- and, in four trips over the next 13 hours, all 33 survivors were rescued from the stricken submarine in the first deep submarine rescue ever. Although there was no reason to believe anyone was alive in the aft part of the ship, a fifth run was made to the aft torpedo room hatch on May 25. This run confirmed the flooding of the entire aft portion of the ship.
Design

The rescue chamber was a pear shaped steel chamber, the big end uppermost, seven feet at the greatest diameter and ten feet high. It is divided into an upper closed compartment and a lower open compartment by a horizontal bulkhead which has a water tight hatch in its middle. Surrounding the lower compartment is a ballast tank of a capacity just equal to that of the lower compartment. Inside the lower compartment is a reel with 400 feet of ?" steel wire on it. The reel is operated by a shaft leading into the upper compartment. The shaft is rotated by an air motor. On the bottom edge of the lower compartment a rubber gasket is embedded into a circular groove, so that when the chamber is brought into contact with a flat surface (the hatch ring) a water tight joint may be effected with the application of pressure. Attached to the upper compartment is an air supply and an atmospheric exhaust hose, wire wound for strength. Also electric cables for telephone and light are attached. A wire pendant for hoisting and lowering is shackled into a padeye on top. This wire is also used for retrieving the chamber in case of emergency. . The forward and after hatches of American submarines were fitted for attaching the rescue chamber. They have a flat doughnut shaped plate welded to the hatch combing upon which the bottom of the chamber rests and a bail over the center of the hatch to which the haul down wire must be attached by the diver.
Limitations
The McCann bell suffers severe limitations in strong currents and when dealing with a pressurized submarine or one lying at extreme angles. It is also incapable of functioning below 850 feet. The USN Submarine Rescue chamber (SRC) is air transportable to a Vessel Of Opportunity (VOO) Mother Ship (MOSHIP )which requires little modification to use the system. Transfer Under Pressure (TUP) to and from pressurized environments such as submarines or hyperbaric chambers is not possible with this system, even though TUP is essential where being subjected to ambient... To get More information , you can visit some products about newest phone, bluetooth adapter phone, sliding cell phones, ip video phones, . The Electrical Liquidtight Flexible Steel Conduits,Fittings products should be show more here!

Jigsaw puzzle accessories

xls117 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 10:08:01 +0200

Casting Aluminium Radiator HB-R90 Series ,
Jigsaw Puzzle Accessories is the term used to describe the equipment used by jigsaw puzzle enthusiasts in pursuit of their hobby.

Jigsaw puzzle accessories for making, displaying and storing jigsaw puzzles.
Contents
1 History
2 Modern Jigsaw Puzzle Accessories
2.1 Stand Alone Construction Tray
2.2 Roll-up Mat
2.3 Portfolio Case
2.4 Portfolio Case with Separate Construction Tray
2.5 Nesting Boxes for Unassembled Pieces
2.6 Jigsaw Puzzle Frames
2.7 Storage Cases
3 References
//
History
Jigsaw puzzles were made commercially available in England by John Spilsbury, around 1760 and have been widely accepted home entertainment in the UK ever since. Jigsaws enjoy similar popularity throughout Europe, and in the American Great Depression jigsaw puzzles sold at the rate of 10 million per week. It is perhaps therefore surprising that companies who produce games and puzzles have been slow to exploit the commercial opportunities afforded by so many enthusiasts who require something on which to construct their jigsaws along with methods of storing and displaying them.
The first references to any kind of jigsaw puzzle accessory can be found around 1900 when a "Frame" was first included in Dutch jigsaw puzzle boxes so that a completed puzzle could be permanently saved. The idea was not successful and was soon discontinued. A similar fate befell the mahogany and walnut "Puzzle Trays" that were advertised in Viking's Picture Puzzle Weekly in America during the 1930s
Without the protection afforded by intellectual property rights, most companies are reluctant to make large investments in product development and promotion and one of the main obstacles to the commercialisation of jigsaw puzzle accessories has been the difficulty in obtaining such protection. The most prevalent function of a jigsaw accessory is to provide a surface on which to construct the puzzle and then quickly pack it away in its part-assembled state; products most often take the form of mats that can be rolled up (complete with puzzle pieces) or boards that can be stored in a case. Such functionality is so basic that it has been found to be almost impossible to secure patents and this probably explains why no accessories became readily available until nearly the end of the 20th Century.
In the late 1980s Falcon Games in England decided to tackle the intellectual property issue by route of applying for a trademark and on 4 August 1989 their self-explanatory Jigroll name was registered (UK Patent Office Reference 1318441). Although many companies have since copied the functionality of the Jigroll, none have been able to give their products the same name and in jigsaw puzzle parlance "Jigroll" has almost become a generic term for all jigsaw mats and rolls.
Falcon enjoyed similar success with the Porta Puzzle mark registered on 9 March 1993 (UK Patent Office Reference 1528876) for "Folders and cases made of plastics and/or card for holding and carrying jigsaw puzzles". Since the registration of this mark there have been a number of innovations and improvements to the original design, both by the current owners of the mark and other companies, but collectively carrying cases for jigsaw puzzles are still most often referred to as "Porta Puzzles".
Jigsaw puzzle frames in which a completed puzzle can be displayed have never been very popular in either Europe or the U.S.A. but this is not the case in Japan where the customary use of jigsaws is for wall decoration. From the time that jigsaws first became available in Japan, in the 1970s, jigsaw frames have been available to fit the jigsaw sizes of all the leading manufacturers.
Modern Jigsaw Puzzle Accessories
Illustrated below are the most widely used modern products. Most of the accessories come in a range of sizes to cater for jigsaw puzzles between 500 and 2,000 pieces with the 1,000 piece size being the most popular.
Stand Alone Construction Tray
Construction trays are the most basic of all jigsaw puzzle accessories and they come in many different materials. Sizes required for different piece counts are as follows:500 pieces: 520mm x 395mm (20.4" x 15.5")1,000 pieces: Approximately 750mm x 520mm (29.5" x 20.4")1,500 pieces: Approximately 915mm x 660mm (36.0" x 26.0")
The major problem with stand alone construction trays is that they cannot be packed away and stored with a part-assembled jigsaw. However, they can very easily be moved around from place to place in a home - the only functionality required by many people.
Roll-up Mat

Jigroll The first accessory to obtain a trademark.
Launched in 1989, the Jigroll was the forerunner of modern jigsaw puzzle accessories. The jigsaw is constructed on a green cloth that has a course texture to which cardboard jigsaw pieces adhere. The non assembled pieces are also kept on the cloth. When the puzzle needs to be cleared away the entire cloth is rolled around a drum thus keeping both the assembled and non-assembled pieces trapped in position until the cloth is unrolled again.
Care needs to be taken to ensure that just the right tightness is achieved - too loose and the pieces will fall about and possibly be lost, too tight and pieces can be damaged.
Portfolio Case
Portapuzzle obtained a registered trade mark for Falcon Games approximately 4 years after their successful launch of Jigroll (see above). A portfolio case opens out to reveal a foam backed lining. The puzzle is constructed on one side of the case and the unassembled pieces are kept either on the other side of the case or on "Panels" provided. When closed up the foam backed lining on either side of the case exerts enough pressure to keep the jigsaw pieces in place.
This invention is generally considered to be a safer way of keeping pieces in place but it involves more material and more assembly labour than a Jigroll and is consequently more expensive.
Portfolio Case with Separate Construction Tray

Jigsort Puzzles are made on a separate "Construction Tray".
The outer carrying case holds a separate "Construction Tray" on which the jigsaw is made and "Sort Trays" on which the unassembled pieces are kept. The sort trays come complete with tightly fitting lids. To pack away the jigsaw the sort trays (with their lids in place) are fitted inside the construction tray and the whole is then zipped up inside the carrying case.
The separate construction tray is very light and can easily be moved around and an additional benefit is the raised edge around the outside of the tray that ensures pieces don't drop off and get lost. On the downside, the extra component parts add to the retail price.
Nesting Boxes for Unassembled Pieces

Jigsafe Up to 1,000 jigsaw puzzle pieces are neatly displayed.
The loose pieces of a jigsaw take up approximately twice the space of a completed puzzle and these nesting boxes aim to solve the problem of how best to store 1,000 loose pieces in a small area. The boxes can be used for sorting different shapes or colours of piece. Each box has a removable insert so that sections of the puzzle can be constructed in the box and then easily moved to the developing jigsaw.
This accessory is a good choice for those who have a table that is large enough to accommodate a completed puzzle and are prepared to dedicate the table to the jigsaw throughout the time that it takes to complete it.
Jigsaw Puzzle Frames

Jigframe Enables puzzles to be hung on a wall.
Traditionally (especially in Japan) jigsaw puzzles that are hung on a wall are glued onto a backing board. Once glued, it is a simple process to fit a puzzle into a frame in much the same way as a picture is fitted in a picture frame. The major problem with gluing is that the... To get More information , you can visit some products about braided nylon, polyester rayon, fabric roller blinds, plush fabric, . The Casting Aluminium Radiator HB-R90 Series products should be show more here!

Intel Skulltrail for dual cpu motherboar...

xls117 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 08:27:01 +0200

Non-Metallic, Magnetic Drive Pump ,

(Redirected from Intel SkullTrail)
Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (September 2007)
Intel's Skulltrail is an enthusiast gaming platform that was released on February 19, 2008. It is based on the company's 5400 "Seaburg" workstation chipset. The primary difference between Skulltrail and Intel's current and past enthusiast chipsets is a dual CPU socket design that allows two processors to operate on the same motherboard. Therefore, Skulltrail can operate eight processing cores on one system. The platform supports two Core 2 Extreme QX9775 processors, which operate at 3.2 GHz.
Skulltrail was one of the first platforms to support SLI on chipsets not designed by Nvidia. It achieves this by including two NVIDIA nForce 100 MCP chips. The implementation of SLI supports Quad SLI technology, which is achieved through the use of two dual-GPU graphics cards from NVIDIA, including the GeForce 9800 GX2. This gives a total of four graphics processors. Owners of Skulltrail systems can also make use of up to four ATI graphics cards using ATI CrossFireX technology, making SkullTrail the only platform (other than Intel's X58 Chipset) to support both SLI and CrossFire with public drivers. The HP Blackbird 002 also supports SLI and Crossfire on one motherboard, but drivers are special, and only available to Blackbird buyers.
Contents
1 Public demonstrations
2 System components
2.1 Core 2 Extreme QX9775
2.2 Intel D5400XS motherboard
3 Criticisms and issues
4 References
5 External links

//

Public demonstrations
Intel demonstrated Skulltrail at Intel Developer Forum Fall 2007 in San Francisco, USA, and at the Consumer Electronics Show 2008 at Las Vegas.
Skulltrail has a front side bus rate of 400 MHz (1600 MHz QDR), and was demonstrated with two 45 nanometer High-K processors running at 3.2 GHz. During IDF, a 4.0 GHz phase cooled Skulltrail system was demonstrated. Then on October 22, 2007, the two processors were demonstrated running at 4.4 GHz, water cooled. They were demonstrated again on October 31, 2007, this time running at 5.0 GHz, phase cooled. On April 18, 2008 Tom's Hardware, reporting from an Overclocking Enthusiast site, reported that an overclocked speed of 6.006 GHz was achieved on an 8-core Skulltrail setup.
System components
Core 2 Extreme QX9775
Four processor cores in one processor package
3.2 GHz clock frequency
1600 MHz FSB
Fabricated on 45 nm process
12 MiB L2 cache (6 MiB per core pair)
Intel D5400XS motherboard
Two LGA 771 CPU sockets (supports Xeon DP processors)
Four FB-DIMM slots supporting maximum 16 GB of system memory at 800 MHz
Four x16 PCI Express 1.1a slots
Two PCI 2.3 slots
Six SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports
Two eSATA ports
Ten USB ports
Criticisms and issues
Although found to be an extremely powerful computing platform, Skulltrail has been criticized by media outlets for being "ahead of its time". This is in part due to the lack of support for 8-core computing with many popular game engines, in addition to the extremely high price of the components involved. The use of FB-DIMMs due to the workstation chipset has also been pointed at as a major limiting factor for Skulltrail.
The base Skulltrail platform consists an Intel D5400XS mainboard which will cost upwards of US$ 600 when it hits the market as a standalone part. Computers based on the Skulltrail platform will also require high-output power supplies for both the CPU and graphics cards, along with computer chassis capable of accommodating the motherboard, which is based on an Extended ATX form factor design. However, Atomic has reported that they can accommodate cheaper Xeon server microprocessors, which is corroborated by Intel's official processor support list.
Intel's Skulltrail D5400XS motherboard is made of two nForce chips, the Skulltrail D5400XS motherboard is one of the motherboard available, along with motherboards with X58 chipset, that runs both nVidia's SLI and ATI's Crossfire platforms out of the box with public hardware drivers.
References
^ Kinky Luxury: Intel Skulltrail Platform Review
^ Intel Skulltrail Unleashed: Core 2 Extreme QX9775 x 2
^ Intel Skulltrail Preview
^ http://processormatch.intel.com/CompDB/SearchResult.aspx?Boardname=d5400xs
External links
Gavrichenkov, Ilya (2008-02-22). "Kinky Luxury: Intel Skulltrail Platform Review". X-bit labs. http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/intel-skulltrail.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Shrout, Ryan (2008-02-04). "Full Skulltrail performance revealed: media, gaming". PC Perspective. http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=514&type=expert. Retrieved on 2008-02-04.
Hodgin, Rick (2007-10-31). "Intel Skulltrail enthusiast platform running at 5.0 GHz". TG Daily. http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34636/135/. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
Valich, Theo (2008-04-18). "Overclockers Push 8-core Skulltrail To 6 GHz: Dual-socket Overclocking Confirmed". Tom's Hardware. http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Skulltrail-6GHz-Overclocking,5208.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-13.
Williams, Rob (2008-02-20). "Building an Affordable Skulltrail System". Techgage. http://techgage.com/article/building_an_affordable_skulltrail_system/. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.

v?d?eIntel technology
Platforms
Centrino Centrino 2 vPro Viiv MID Skulltrail
Discontinued
Advanced Transfer Cache Common Building Block Dual pipelining MultiProcessor Specification Intel APIC Architecture Intel Communication Streaming Architecture Intel Inboard 386 Intel Play MMC-1 MMC-2 System Management Bus Indeo
Current
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection Intel Active Management Technology Intel AMT versions Intel High Definition Audio Intel Matrix RAID I/O Controller Hub SpeedStep SDVO Platform Environment Control Interface
Upcoming
Intel Ct Intel QuickPath Interconnect Intel TeraHertz Platform Controller Hub
Categories: Intel products
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Hip hop fashion for g unit belt

xls117 — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 04:21:01 +0200

I want to introduct something about Manufacture the earing.

Earing We can manufacture different earing based on customers' different designs. we willwork hard to help you find the correct design and the best type of pin to meetyour needs. Free 1)Artwork design,which are all respect your requirement and ideas! 2)Unlimited revisions. 3)Speed product time 7-10days on some items. 4)Mold charge will be refund if your order is on and over 5,000pcs. In addition, our price is very competitive. If you're interested in our productsor our products can meet your clients' needs, please let us know at your most convenience,we are glad to cooperate and establish business relations with you. Manufacture the earing more

Faada Freddy of the Senegalese rap crew Daara J in Germany, 2005.
Hip-hop fashion is a distinctive style of dress originating with African-American, Caribbean-American and Latino youth in The 5 Boroughs, and later influenced by the hip-hop scenes of Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area), Detroit, and The Dirty South among others. Each city contributed various elements to its overall style seen worldwide today. Hip hop fashion complements the expressions and attitudes of hip hop culture in general. Hip hop fashion has changed significantly during its history, and today it is a prominent part of popular fashion as a whole across the world and for all ethnicities.
Contents
1 Early 1980s to Mid-1980s
2 Late 1980s to early 1990s fashion
3 Mid-1990s to late 1990s fashion
3.1 Gangsta style
3.2 Fashion among "hip-hop" elites
3.3 Sportswear
3.3.1 Throwback jerseys
3.4 The rise of hip-pop
3.5 Jewelry culture
4 Modern Hip Hop Fashion (2000's Hip Hop fashion)
4.1 Recent trends
5 Criticism of hip hop fashion
6 References

//

Early 1980s to Mid-1980s
In the early 1980s, established sportswear and fashion brands, such as Le Coq Sportif, Kangol, Adidas and Nike Inc attached themselves to the emerging hip hop scene.
During the 1980s, hip-hop icons wore clothing items such as brightly colored name-brand tracksuits, sheepskin and leather bomber jackets, Clarks shoes, Dr. Martens boots and sneakers (usually Adidas-brand shelltoes and often with "phat" or oversized shoelaces). Popular haircuts ranged from the early-1980s Jheri curl to the late-1980s hi-top fade popularized by Will Smith (The Fresh Prince) and Christopher "Kid" Reid of Kid 'n Play, among others.
Popular accessories included large eyeglasses (Cazals or Gazelles), Kangol bucket hats, nameplates, name belts, and multiple rings. Heavy gold jewelry was also popular in the 1980s; heavy jewelry in general would become an enduring element of hip hop fashion. In general, men's jewelry focused on heavy gold chains and women's jewelry on large gold earrings. Performers such as Kurtis Blow and Big Daddy Kane helped popularize gold necklaces and other such jewelry, and female rappers such as Roxanne Shant and the group Salt-N-Pepa helped popularize oversized gold door-knocker earrings. The heavy jewelry was suggestive of prestige and wealth, and some have connected the style to Africanism.
1980s hip hop fashion is remembered as one of the most important elements of old school hip hop, and it is often celebrated in nostalgic hip hop songs such as Ahmad's 1994 single "Back in the Day", and Missy Elliott's 2002 single "Back in the Day".
Late 1980s to early 1990s fashion
Black nationalism was increasingly influential in rap during the late 1980s, and fashions and hairstyles reflected traditional African influences. Blousy pants were popular among dance-oriented rappers like MC Hammer. Fezzes, kufis decorated with the Kemetic ankh, Kente cloth hats, Africa chains, dreadlocks, and red, black, and green clothing became popular as well, promoted by artists such as Queen Latifah, KRS-One, Public Enemy, and X-Clan). In the early 1990s, pop rappers such as The Fresh Prince, Kid 'n Play, and Left Eye of TLC popularized baseball caps and bright, often neon-colored, clothing. Kris Kross also established the fad of wearing clothes backwards. Kwam sparked the brief trend of polka-dot clothing as well, while others continued wearing their mid-80's attire.

Hip hop influences are seen in Chanel's Fall 1991 collection.
The Nike capture of soon to be superstar basketball protege Michael Jordan from rivals Adidas in 1984 proved to be a huge turning point, as Nike dominated the urban streetwear sneaker market in the late 80's and early 90's. Other clothing brands such as Reebok, Champion, Carhartt and Timberland were very closely associated with the scene, particularly on the East coast with hip hop acts such as Wu-Tang Clan and Gangstarr sporting the look.
Gangsta rap pioneers N.W.A. popularized an early form of gangsta style in the late 1980s, consisting of Dickies pants, plaid shirts and jackets, Chuck Taylors sneakers, and black Raiders baseball caps and Raiders Starter jackets. Starter jackets, in addition, were also a popular trend in their own right during the late 1980s and early 90s. They became something of a status-symbol, with incidents of robberies of the jackets reported in the media.
Hip hop fashion in this period also influenced high fashion designs. In the late 1980s, Isaac Mizrahi, inspired by his elevator operator who wore a heavy gold chain, showed a collection deeply influenced by hip hop fashion. Models wore black catsuits, "gold chains, big gold nameplate-inspired belts, and black bomber jackets with fur-trimmed hoods." Womenswear Daily called...(and so on)
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Clark-Kent (Bicycles) for frame titanium...

xls117 — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 11:23:01 +0200

I want to introduct something about AI-015 electric bicycle.

1)Motor:250W brush motor 2)Battery:maintainable sealed lead-acid battery 3)Battery capacity:36V/12AHx4 4)Max. speed:25km/h 5)Running distance:50km 6)Loading:75kg 7)Front brake:drum brake 8)Rear brake:EABS(electric absorption braking system) 9)Charge time:4-6hPacking: Master cartonContainer 20' GP:52pcs 40' GP:112pcs 40' HQ:126pcs AI-015 electric bicycle mo

Clark-Kent bicycles was a bicycle frame manufacturer based in Denver, CO. The name Clark-Kent was a hybrid of the names of the company owners, Pat Clark and Dean Kent, and had no connection with the alter ego of Superman beyond name recognition.
History
Clark-Kent started building bicycle frames in 1989. The company built both road and mountain bike frames in steel and titanium and were the early builders of Greg Lemond road and mountain titanium frames, before Lemond production went to Litespeed and later Trek Bicycle Corporation. Clark-Kent sponsored the Coors-Light domestic professional cycling team which included well known road racer and olympic gold medalist Alexi Grewal, and also sponsored Colorado based elite junior cycling squad Horsetooth Racing Team in 1993, which included US Junior National Team members. The company employed master-welders Ivo Vinklarek and Don Herr, however welding on later frames was outsourced with some quality problems which contributed to the demise of the brand. Pat Clark was part owner of the famous Denver Spoke bicycle shop, and also owned a group of bicycle shops known as Premier Cycles across the greater Denver area. The company folded in the mid-1990s and production was halted.
Models

Clark-Kent Europa Ti Road Frame
Road:
Europa Ti
Ti-300
Ti-500
Mountain:
F-12
F-14
F-16
References
Info on Clark-Kent Bicycles
Lemond Clark-Kent Titanium Bikes
Tech-News 2005, Early Clark-Kent Roubaix
BikePedia list of 1995 Clark-Kent models
Clark-Kent history page at the Museum of Mountain Bike Art & Technology
Categories: Cycle manufacturers
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Solar inverter for AC DC Inverters

xls117 — Wed, 29 Jul 2009 11:26:02 +0200

I want to introduct something about Steel Socket Adaptor.

The adaptor is made in steel with zinc-plated by cool forging. Size:1/2" x 10mm 1/2" x 15mm 1/2" x 20mm 3/4" x 10mm 3/4" x 15mm 3/4" x 20mm Steel Socket Adapt

(Redirected from Photovoltaic inverter)
A solar inverter is a type of electrical inverter that is made to change the direct current (DC) electricity from a photovoltaic array into alternating current (AC) for use with home appliances and possibly a utility grid.
Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types:
Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays and/or other sources, such as wind turbines, hydro turbines, or engine generators. Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC source, when available. Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as such, are not required to have anti-islanding protection.
Grid-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for safety reasons. They do not provide backup power during utility outages.
Battery backup inverters. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding protection
Solar inverters use special procedures to deal with the PV array, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Contents
1 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
2 Anti-islanding protection
3 Grid-tie inverters
4 Charge controllers
5 Manufacturers
6 References
7 See also
8 External links

//

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

I-V curve for a solar cell, showing the maximum power point Pmax.
Maximum power point tracking is a technique that solar inverters use to get the most possible power from the PV array. Any given PV module or string of modules will have a maximum power point: essentially, this defines current that the inverter should draw from the PV in order to get the most possible power (power is equal to voltage times current).
Anti-islanding protection
Normally, grid-tied inverters will shut off if they do not detect the presence of the utility grid. If, however, there are load circuits in the electrical system that happen to resonate at the frequency of the utility grid, the inverter may be fooled into thinking that the grid is still active even after it had been shut down. This is called islanding.
An inverter designed for grid-tie operation will have anti-islanding protection built in; it will inject small pulses that are slightly out of phase with the AC electrical system in order to cancel any stray resonances that may be present when the grid shuts down.
Since 1999, the standard for anti-islanding protection in the United States has been UL 1741, harmonized with IEEE 1547. Any inverter which is listed to the UL 1741 standard may be connected to a utility grid without the need for additional anti-islanding equipment, anywhere in the United States or other countries where UL standards are accepted.
Grid-tie inverters
Main article: Grid-tie inverter
Many solar inverters are designed to be connected to a utility grid, and will not operate when they do not detect the presence of the grid. They contain special circuitry to precisely match the voltage and frequency of the grid.
Charge controllers
Stand-alone inverters -- that is, inverters that are designed to be used without the presence of the electrical utility grid -- can be run from PV panels and batteries using a charge controller. The charge controller regulates the input from the PV and the batteries, regulates the battery output, and handles charging the batteries.
Manufacturers
Advanced Energy
Beacon Power
Enphase Energy
Fronius IG
Delta Energy Systems
KACO Geraetetechnik GmbH
OutBack Power Systems
PV Powered
SatCon Technologies
SMA
Solar Energy Australia
Solectria Renewables
Sputnik Engineering AG (www.Solarmax.com)
Sunways AG
Sustainable Energy Technologies
Mastervolt
Xantrex
References
^ UL 1741 Information
See also
Grid tie inverter
External links
CEC List of Eligible Inverters
CSA Certified Product Listing
UL 1741
Categories: Photovoltaics
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Sunbeam Rapier for Door Rubber Mat

xls117 — Tue, 28 Jul 2009 07:27:01 +0200

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Sunbeam Rapier
Manufacturer
Rootes Group
Production
1955-1976
Predecessor
Sunbeam Mark III
Successor
none
Body style(s)
saloon, coup, convertible
Related
Hillman Minx Singer Gazelle
The Sunbeam Rapier was the first of the "Audax" range of light cars produced by the Rootes Group. Announced at a motor show in October 1955, it preceded its Hillman Minx and Singer Gazelle counterparts by several months.
A four seat, two door hardtop coup designated Series I with the introduction of the Series II in 1958 it was completely different from the Sunbeam Mark III, the car it would eventually replace. Although designed "in house" by the Rootes Group, it was inspired, via the Raymond Loewy design organisation, by the new-generation Studebaker coup of 1953.
Contents
1 Series I
2 Series II
3 Series III
4 Series IIIA
5 Series IV
6 Series V
7 Sunbeam Rapier Fastback coup
7.1 Sunbeam Alpine Fastback coup
7.2 Sunbeam Rapier H120
8 External links
9 References

//

Series I
Sunbeam Rapier I
Production
195519587477 produced.
Body style(s)
2-door saloon
Engine(s)
1390cc overhead valve Straight-4
Wheelbase
96in (2,400mm)
Length
160in (4,100mm)
Width
60in (1,500mm)
Height
57in (1,400mm)
The Series I Rapier was a pretty car which in general, was well received by the motoring press. Available in a range of attractive two-tone colour schemes typical of the period, it boasted steering column gear change, leather trim and an overdrive as standard fittings. Vinyl trim was an option in the UK and standard in certain export territories. Rapier bodies were built by Pressed Steel, shipped to Thrupp & Maberly in north London where they were painted and trimmed, then shipped again to the Rootes assembly plant at Ryton-on-Dunsmore near Coventry where the engines, transmission and running gear were fitted! This complex situation persisted until late 1963 when the Series IV was introduced.
The Rapier's 1390cc engine was essentially the same as that fitted to the Hillman Minx but with a raised compression ratio (8:1 instead of 7:1), a Zenith DIF 36 carburettor and revised inlet and exhaust manifolds. In this form it developed 62.5bhp (46.6kW) at 5000rpm. A column change, four speed transmission with overdrive on third and top was fitted.
Although the Rapier's performance was lively by the standards of its time, and its handling was considered to be excellent, it soon became clear that it wasn't powerful enough. From October 1956, directly as a result of experience gained in international rallying by Rootes' famous competition department, the Rapier was fitted with the updated R67 engine on which the Stromberg carburettor was replaced by twin Zenith 36 WIP carburettors on a new inlet manifold. This engine produced 67.5bhp (50.3kW) at 5000rpm, the effect of which was to reduce the Rapier's 0-60mph time by almost 1second and increase its top speed by 3mph (4.8km/h).
The British The Motor magazine tested a Series I, twin carburettor, saloon in 1957 recording a top speed of 85.7mph (137.9km/h) and acceleration from 0-60mph (97km/h) in 20.9 seconds and a fuel consumption of 30.5miles per imperial gallon (9.26L/100km; 25.4mpg-US). The test car cost ?1043 including taxes of ?348.
In competition, a Rapier driven by Peter Harper finished in fifth place in the 1958 Monte Carlo Rally.
Only 7477 units were produced of this initial version of the Sunbeam Rapier. It was discontinued in 1958 with the introduction of the Series II version.
Series II
Sunbeam Rapier II
Production
1958195915,151 produced.
Body style(s)
2-door saloon, drophead coup
Engine(s)
1494cc overhead valve Straight-4
The Sunbeam Rapier Series II was announced on 6th February 1958, available in hardtop and convertible forms, it was a great improvement over the Series I. In a move indicative of today's new vehicle launches, Rootes arranged for nine of the new cars to be in Monte Carlo for the press to try at the end of the Monte Carlo Rally (in which Peter Harper came 5th overall in a works-prepared Series I).
The Sunbeam Rapier Series II introduced the now famous Rapier shape. Although the changes originated in the Rootes styling department, they reinforced the link to the Loewy-designed Studebakers; the Series II looked remarkably like a shortened Studebaker Golden Hawk!
The traditional Sunbeam radiator grille was reintroduced, albeit shortened and widened. It was impossible to disguise the fact that the car had originally been designed with a horizontal grille, so the space left by the adoption of the Sunbeam grille was filled with horizontal side grilles. The two-tone lower body scheme of the Series I was...(and so on)
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